Tên tiếng Anh của các nguyên tố hóa học kèm phiên âm

Bảng tuần trả chất hóa học giờ đồng hồ Anh là gì?

Bảng tuần trả chất hóa học giờ đồng hồ Anh được gọi là "Periodic Table of Elements."

Bảng tuần trả chất hóa học là 1 trong bảng bố trí những yếu tắc chất hóa học theo gót trật tự tăng dần dần của số vẹn toàn tử. Nó được dùng nhằm tổ chức triển khai, phân loại và hiển thị vấn đề về những yếu tắc chất hóa học, bao hàm thương hiệu, ký hiệu chất hóa học, số vẹn toàn tử, lượng vẹn toàn tử, cấu hình năng lượng điện tử và đặc thù chất hóa học của bọn chúng.

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Hiện bên trên, bảng tuần trả chất hóa học chứa chấp 118 yếu tắc chất hóa học. Tuy nhiên, hãy Note rằng con số yếu tắc hoàn toàn có thể thay cho thay đổi theo gót thời hạn tự mày mò và nghiên cứu và phân tích mới nhất.

Bảng tuần trả chất hóa học giờ đồng hồ Anh

Bảng tổ hợp không thiếu thốn thương hiệu giờ đồng hồ Anh của những yếu tắc hóa học

Tham khảo: Từ vựng giờ đồng hồ Anh chuyên nghiệp ngành chất hóa học và bài xích luyện áp dụng cơ bản

Bài phát âm phần mềm - Chủ đề “Tên giờ đồng hồ Anh của những yếu tắc hóa học”

The Histories Hidden in the Periodic Table

From poisoned monks and nuclear bombs to tướng the “transfermium wars,” mapping the atomic world hasn’t been easy.

The story of the fifteenth element began in Hamburg, in 1669. The unsuccessful glassblower and alchemist Hennig Brandt was trying to tướng find the philosopher’s stone, a mythical substance that could turn base metals into gold. Instead, he distilled something new. It was foamy and, depending on the preparation, yellow or Black. He called it “cold fire,” because it glowed in the dark. Interested parties took a look; some felt that they were in the presence of a miracle. “If anyone had rubbed himself all over with it,” one observer noted, “his whole figure would have shone, as once did that of Moses when he came down from Mt. Sinai.” Robert Boyle, the father of modern chemistry, put some on his hand and noted how “mild and innocent” it seemed. Another scientist saw particles in it twinkling “like little stars.”

At first, no one could figure out what the Prometheus of Hamburg had stolen. After one of Brandt’s confidants provided a hint—the main ingredient was “somewhat that belonged to tướng the Body of Man”—Boyle deduced that he and his peers had been smearing themselves with processed urine. As the Cambridge chemist Peter Wothers explains in his new history of the elements, “Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter’s Wolf” (Oxford), Brandt’s recipe called for a ton of urine. It was left out in buckets long enough to tướng attract maggots, then distilled in hot furnaces, creating a hundred and twenty grams of “cold fire.” Brandt believed that, if he could collect enough of this substance, he might be able to tướng create the philosopher’s stone. In 1678, the Duke of Saxony asked him to tướng collect a hundred tons of urine from a garrison of soldiers and render it into what Boyle and others soon started to tướng Gọi phosphorus—Latin for “light-bearer.”

The soapy phosphorus that Brandt cooked up was a curiosity. But, in England, Boyle began producing it in a purer, more solid khuông, which turned out to tướng be highly flammable. Another scientist toying with Boyle’s phosphorus found that “if the Privy Parts be therewith rubbed, they will be inflamed and burning for a good while after.” Boyle, for his part, wondered whether it could be harnessed as a starter for gunpowder. (His assistant, the apothecary Ambrose Godfrey, mix his head on fire and burned “two or three great holes in his breeches” while investigating the substance.) The phosphorus industry grew throughout the eighteenth century, in part because physicians wrongly believed that it had medicinal value. In the eighteen-hundreds, match producers found that wood splints tipped with phosphorus were less dangerous phàn nàn their sulfur-coated predecessors; not long afterward, the discovery that electric furnaces could extract phosphorus from ore at a large scale led to tướng the development of explosives. In the Second World War, in what Wothers calls “a tragic twist of fate,” Hamburg, Brandt’s hometown, was destroyed by Allied bombers dropping phosphorus munitions.

Wothers finds many such twists in the stories hidden behind the squares of the periodic table. Antimony (element No. 51) is a lustrous mineral; four thousand years ago, people carved vases out of it, and it appears in cosmetic regimes described in the Old Testament. According to tướng an tài khoản given by the seventeenth-century apothecary and alchemist Pierre Pomet (offered up by Wothers as possibly apocryphal), antimony got its name from the story of a German monk who fed it to tướng his fellow brethren. The monk had given some to tướng a few pigs, who vomited at first but then grew healthy and fat. Unfortunately, every monk who ingested it died. “This therefore was the reason of this Mineral being called Antimony,” Pomet wrote, “as being destructive of the Monks.” (In a less fatal episode, a nineteenth-century doctor and his friends consumed fifteen milligrams of tellurium each: they had garlic breath for eight months.)

The names of the elements have long been a source of contention and incomprehension. Hydrogen, Wothers points out, is Greek for “water-former,” while oxygen is Greek for “acid-former”; in fact, it’s hydrogen that bonds together with other elements to tướng make acids and oxygen that bonds hydrogen to tướng make water. “Aluminium,” Charles Dickens wrote, in 1856, is “a fossilized part of Latin speech, about as suited to tướng the mouths of the populace as an ichthyosaurus cutlet or a dinornis marrow-bone.” (It has its root in the Latin for “bitter salt,” after the clay from which the once-precious metal was derived; Dickens’s suggestions—“loam-silver” and “glebe-gold”—weren’t much better.) The French chemist Marguerite Perey, a protégée of Marie Curie, discovered an element of her own, in 1939. She wanted to tướng Gọi it “catium,” to tướng honor the particle’s strong attraction to tướng cathodes, devices used to tướng send electricity through a chemical substance; Curie’s daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, worried that English speakers would associate the element with house cats. Perey, being French, decided to tướng Gọi it francium instead.

Many historians date the invention of the periodic table to the publication, a hundred and fifty years ago, of a textbook by the Russian chemist Dmitri I. Mendeleev. But Eric Scerri, the author of “The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance” (Oxford) and a philosopher of chemistry at U.C.L.A.—he studies the history of questions such as “What is an element, really?”—bristles at the notion that Mendeleev revolutionized science when he brought chemical periodicity into clear relief. Periodicity—the idea that larger atoms chime with smaller atoms in a regular way, lượt thích notes on a keyboard—didn’t emerge as a bolt from the xanh rớt, Scerri argues. It came into focus through the work of a host of scientists; as it did ví, ideas that by then were long disdained, such as alchemy, turned out to tướng be right in some respects, and essentially wrong ideas, such as the irreducibility of the elements, turned out to tướng be productive ways of thinking, anyway. Some of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century chemists who began to tướng notice patterns among certain elements were actually retracing the paths of ancient Greek atomists such as Democritus and Leucippus, who, in the fifth century B.C., had argued that invisible and indivisible particles made up everything we could see and touch. The atomists believed that those particles were myriad in shape and size, and that their perceptible properties came from the structures they formed when they hooked together.

By the Middle Ages, atomistic ideas had been mostly eclipsed by Aristotle’s theory that four principal elements—fire, earth, water, and air—combined to tướng khuông the various objects in the universe. But atomism never went away completely. Renaissance scholars believed in a wide variety of elemental schemes. Wothers’s book reprints some of the diagrams that mixed these ideas in advance of the periodic table: a seventeenth-century engraving of the “seven metals” shows seven Roman gods brandishing ancient chemical symbols (the deities reminded viewers that iron was from Mars and copper from Venus); another shows the seven metals and Aristotle’s four elements in a triangular arrangement. Ringing the whole diagram is a Latin motto: “Although I am invisible, I am nonetheless the father and mother of all visible earthly bodies.”

You didn’t have to tướng be a scholar, of course, to tướng believe in a world made up of more phàn nàn four elements. Seventeenth-century miners, Wothers writes, distinguished between different kinds of air: they called the lighter air that swirled at the top of caves “fire-damp,” because it easily burst into flames, and the heavy clouds that hung near the ground “choke-damp,” because they made it hard to tướng breathe. In the eighteenth century, locals dubbed a cave near Naples the Grotta del Cane: dogs who wandered into the cave, unable to tướng raise their heads above the gas seeping out of the Earth, soon began to tướng choke to tướng death; once returned to tướng the open air, the animals would revive.

As these observations proliferated, ví did the conviction that there must be many different elements. By the over of the eighteenth century, scientists, combining substances, began realizing that certain materials always reacted in the same proportions, which suggested that they had different underlying masses. (It always seemed to tướng take a little more ammonia phàn nàn it did magnesia to tướng neutralize the same amount of sulfuric acid.) In 1803, the English scientist John Dalton proposed that atoms were at work in such reactions; he encouraged his peers to tướng help him determine how much these invisible entities weighed. What Scerri calls a “craze for searching for numerical regularities” began. Chemists soon noticed patterns when they grouped elements into sets of three by atomic weight. (Lithium, sodium, and potassium, for example, all fizz or explode in water; it turned out that sodium’s atomic weight is the average of lithium’s and potassium’s.) Such experiments offered glimpses of an order within the elemental universe. But the work was frustrating. In 1836, the chemist Jean Baptiste André Dumas, a disciple of Dalton, threw up his hands in despair. “What remains of the ambitious excursion we allowed ourselves into the domain name of atoms?” he wrote. “If I were master I would erase the word ‘atom’ from the science.”

Từ vựng tham ô khảo:

1. Glassblower (Noun) /ˈɡlæsˌbloʊ.ər/: Thợ thổi thuỷ tinh ranh.

2. Furnaces (Noun) /ˈfɜːr.nəs.ɪz/: Lò nhen nhóm.

3. Phosphorus (Noun) /ˈfɑːs.fər.əs/: Photpho.

4. Gunpowder (Noun) /ˈɡʌn.paʊ.dər/: Thuốc súng.

5. Sulfur-coated (Adjective) /ˈsʌl.fɚˌkoʊt.ɪd/: Phủ lớp sulfur.

6. Apothecary (Noun) /əˈpɑː.θəˌker.i/: Dược sĩ, bác sĩ.

7. Antimony (Noun) /ˈæn.təˌmoʊ.ni/: Antimon.

8. Ichthyosauros (Noun) /ɪkˌθaɪ.əˈsɔːrəs/: Thằn lằn cá.

9. Periodic table (Noun) /ˌpɪr.iˈɑː.dɪk ˈteɪ.bəl/: Bảng tuần trả.

10. Atom (Noun) /ˈæt.əmz/: Nguyên tử.

11. Alchemy (Noun) /ˈæl.kə.mi/: Giả kim thuật.

12. Atomistic ideas (Noun) /ˌæt.əˈmɪs.tɪk ˈaɪ.di.əz/: Các ý tưởng phát minh vẹn toàn tử học tập.

13. Elemental schemes (Noun) /ˌel.ɪˈmen.t̬əl skiːmz/: Các plan yếu tắc.

14. Proliferated (Verb) /prəˈlɪf.ə.reɪ.t̬ɪd/: Phát triển mạnh, tăng nhanh chóng.

15. Fizz (Verb / Noun) /fɪz/: Tiếng sủi bọt, giờ đồng hồ tạo ra lớp bọt do khí tạo ra.

16. Elemental prophecies (Noun) /ˌel.ɪˈmen.t̬əl ˈprɑː.fə.siːz/: Tiên tri về yếu tắc.

17. Gallium (Noun) /ˈɡæl.i.əm/: Galium.

18. Germanium (Noun) /dʒɝˈmeɪ.ni.əm/: Geman.

19. Evangelist (Noun) /ɪˈvæn.dʒə.lɪst/: Sứ fake Tin lành lặn, ngôi nhà tiên tri.

20. Solar eclipse (Noun) /ˈsoʊ.lɚ ˈɪˌklɪps/: Nhật thực.

Tham khảo: Tổng phù hợp kể từ vựng giờ đồng hồ Anh chuyên nghiệp ngành Y cơ bạn dạng thông thường gặp

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Tài liệu tham ô khảo:

Jahromi, Neima. “The Histories Hidden in the Periodic Table.” The New Yorker, 27 Dec. 2019, www.newyorker.com/science/elements/the-histories-hidden-in-the-periodic-table